Preparation and Characterization of Natar Clay Treated with an Aluminum-Based Solution for Reducing Peroxide Value and Free Fatty Acid Content in Waste Cooking Oil
Keywords:
Natar clay, adsorption, waste cooking oil, free fatty acids, peroxide value
Abstract
Repeated heating of cooking oil promotes hydrolytic and oxidative degradation, resulting in elevated levels of peroxide compounds and free fatty acids (FFAs) that compromise oil quality. In this study, Natar clay was treated with a hydrolyzed aluminum-based solution prepared from AlCl3 and KOH, followed by thermal treatment, and evaluated as an adsorbent for reducing peroxide value and FFA content in waste cooking oil. The structural, morphological, and textural characteristics of the treated clay were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The treated Natar clay exhibited reflections attributable to a kaolinite-related phase with aggregated pseudohexagonal plate-like particles. The specific surface area and pore volume of treated Natar clay were 60.994 m2/g and 0.237 cm3/g. Adsorption treatment reduced the peroxide value from 37.80 to 4.50 meq O2/kg and decreased the FFA content from 0.40 ± 0.01% to 0.08 ± 0.02%, corresponding to reductions of 88% and 80%, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of Natar clay treated with an aluminum-based solution as a locally sourced adsorbent for improving the quality of waste cooking oil.
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References
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Worasith, N., & Goodman, B. A. (2020). Activated Kaolin Minerals as Bleaching Clays for Prolonging the Useful Life of Palm Oil in Industrial Frying Operations. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 97(4), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12327
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Dewi, P. S., & Ulfah, M. (2021). Quality Test of Palm Cooking Oil Used Repeatedly Based on Free Fatty Acid Content, Moisture Content, Peroxide Number. Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy, 1(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.15294/jstrp.v1i1.44461
Febrinda, R. R. (2022). Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Mengatasi Kenaikan Harga Minyak Goreng. Trade Policy Journal, 1(1), 25–32.
Ganesan, K., Sukalingam, K., & Xu, B. (2019). Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers-A critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(3), 488–505.
Georgescu, A. M., Brabie, G., Nistor, I. D., Penot, C., & Nardou, F. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of Cr-pillared clays: modelling using factorial design methodology. Journal of Porous Materials, 22(4), 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-015-9975-z
Hu, Y., Pan, C., Zheng, X., Liu, S., Hu, F., Xu, L., Xu, G., & Peng, X. (2020). Removal of ciprofloxacin with aluminum-pillared kaolin sodium alginate beads (CA-Al-KABs): Kinetics, isotherms, and BBD model. Water, 12(3), 905.
Ismail, S. A. E. A., El-Anany, A. M., & Ali, R. F. M. (2017). Regeneration of used frying palm oil with coffee silverskin (CS), CS Ash (CSA) and nanoparticles of CS (NCS). Journal of Oleo Science, 66(8), 897–905. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess17015
Kooli, F., Yan, L., Tan, S. X., & Zheng, J. (2014). Organoclays from alkaline-treated acid-activated clays: Properties and thermal stability. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 115(2), 1465–1475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3454-z
Kumar, A., & Lingfa, P. (2020). Sodium bentonite and kaolin clays: Comparative study on their FT-IR, XRF, and XRD. Materials Today: Proceedings, 22, 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.037
Kumari, N., & Mohan, C. (2021). Basics of clay minerals and their characteristic properties. Clay Clay Miner, 24(1), 1–29.
Liu, Z., Wang, H., Hantoro, W. S., Sathiamurthy, E., Colin, C., Zhao, Y., & Li, J. (2012). Climatic and tectonic controls on chemical weathering in tropical Southeast Asia (Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra). Chemical Geology, 291, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.015
Muhammad, H. N., Nikmah, F., Hidayah, N. U., & Haqiqi, A. K. (2020). Arang Aktif Kayu Leucaena Leucocephala sebagai Adsorben Minyak Goreng Bekas Pakai (Minyak Jelantah). Physics Education Research Journal, 2(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.21580/perj.2020.2.2.6176
Nazdracheva, T., Morozov, A., Yavna, V., & Kochur, A. (2022). Study of hydration of kaolinite and montmorillonite mixture by IR spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131871
Nugraha, R. E., Prasetyoko, D., Asikin-Mijan, N., Bahruji, H., Suprapto, S., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., & Jalil, A. A. (2021). The effect of structure directing agents on micro/mesopore structures of aluminosilicates from Indonesian kaolin as deoxygenation catalysts. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.110917
Parodia, A., Prasniski, J. A., Bertella, F., & Pergher, S. B. C. (2021). Keggin-al13 polycations: Influence of synthesis and intercalation parameters on the structural properties of al-pillared clays. Minerals, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111211
Phetrungnapha, A., Wiengnak, N., & Maikrang, K. (2023). Removal of free fatty acid from waste cooking oil using an adsorbent derived from cassava peels. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 40(9), 2253–2262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-023-1413-3
Purbawa, Y., Bakti, I. G. M. Y., Purba, H. J., Astrini, N. J., Putra, R. P., & Sumaedi, S. (2023). Acceptable price of packaged palm cooking oil amid scarcity in Indonesia. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 22(6), 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-023-00428-8
Rasyiid Maulana, M., Parlindungan, J. Y., Rettob, A. L., Ferawaty Siregar, L., & Hitijahubessy, H. (2025). Characterization of Clay from Merauke Regency and Its Utilization as an Adsorbent of Free Fatty Acids in the Purification of Waste Cooking Oil. Fullerene Journ.Of Chem, 10(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.37033/fjc.v10i2.747
Rengga, W. D. P., Seubsai, A., Roddecha, S., Yudistira, A., & Wiharto, A. D. (2021). Isotherm adsorption of free fatty acid in waste cooking oil used activated carbon of banana peel as bio-adsorbent. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1918(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1918/3/032008
Roca Jalil, M. E., Vieira, R. S., Azevedo, D., Baschini, M., & Sapag, K. (2013). Improvement in the adsorption of thiabendazole by using aluminum pillared clays. Applied Clay Science, 71, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.11.005
Rodiansono, R., Ariyantie, R., & Abdullah, A. (2010). Intercalation Of Olygomer Of Hydroxyl-Chromium Into Natural Kaolinite. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 8, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21644
Rosmeika, R., Febijanto, I., Soraya, D. F., Febriansyah, H., Isharyadi, F., Ayuningtyas, U., Mulyono, A. B., Setiawan, A. A. R., Siregar, K., Supriyanto, S., Sasongko, N. A., & Wiloso, E. I. (2025). Environmental impact of palm cooking oil: a case study in Sumatra, Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32(43), 24839–24857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37056-1
Sayon-Orea, C., Carlos, S., & Martínez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2015). Does cooking with vegetable oils increase the risk of chronic diseases?: A systematic review. In British Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 113, Number S2, pp. S36–S48). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514002931
Thommes, M., Kaneko, K., Neimark, A. V., Olivier, J. P., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Rouquerol, J., & Sing, K. S. W. (2015). Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 87(9–10), 1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117
Triandhani, T. E., Taslimah, T., & Sriyanti, S. (2021). Pilarisasi Lempung Dengan Al/Cr sebagai Adsorben Minyak Sisa Pakai. Greensphere: Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 1(1), 13–18.
Worasith, N., & Goodman, B. A. (2020). Activated Kaolin Minerals as Bleaching Clays for Prolonging the Useful Life of Palm Oil in Industrial Frying Operations. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 97(4), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12327
Yanti, E. D. (2021). Mineralogy and Characterization of Clay Mineral of West Lampung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 789(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/789/1/012072
Yanti, E. D., Iqbal, P., Pratiwi, I., & Jakah, J. (2018). Karakteristik mineral lempung pada jalan rawan longsor jalur Liwa-Bukit Kemuning berdasarkan analisis SEM dan XRD. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral Dan Batubara, 14(2), 93–99
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2026-06-30
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