Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extracts from Leaves, Bark, and Fruit of Jambu Bol (Syzygium malaccense L.)
Keywords:
Jambu Bol, Syzygium malaccense (L.), antibacterial, disk diffusion
Abstract
Syzygium malaccense L., commonly known as Malay apple, is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various infectious diseases. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from the leaves, bark, and fruit of S. malaccense against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Each extract was characterized through organoleptic observations, moisture content determination, total ash content analysis, and phytochemical screening. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control and chloramphenicol (30 µg/disc) as the positive control. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in all extracts. The antibacterial assay revealed that all tested extracts exhibited inhibitory effects against both bacterial strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 8.15 to 13.12 mm. The methanol extract of S. malaccense bark demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity at a 20% concentration, producing a 13.12 mm inhibition zone against S. aureus.
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References
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[2] Y. Noreen, G. Serrano, P. Perera, and L. Bohlin, ‘Flavan-3-ols isolated from some medicinal plants inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 catalysed prostaglandin biosynthesis’, Planta Med, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 520–524, 1998, doi: 10.1055/S-2006-957506/BIB.
[3] C. A. Dunstan, Y. Noreen, G. Serrano, P. A. Cox, P. Perera, and L. Bohlin, ‘Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays’, J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 35–56, Jun. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00043-3.
[4] A. Giovana Batista et al., ‘Red-jambo (Syzygium malaccense): Bioactive compounds in fruits and leaves’, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.013.
[5] A. Prasniewski et al., ‘Characterization of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and functional properties of Syzygium malaccense leaves’, South African Journal of Botany, vol. 139, pp. 418–426, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.SAJB.2021.01.036.
[6] R. C. Savitha, S. Padmavathy, and A. Sundhararajan, ‘Invitro Antioxidant Activities on Leaf Extracts of Syzygium Malaccense (L.) Merr and Perry’, Anc Sci Life, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 110, Apr. 2011, Accessed: Jan. 24, 2024. [Online]. Available: /pmc/articles/PMC3336265/
[7] B. Arumugam, T. Manaharan, C. K. Heng, U. R. Kuppusamy, and U. D. Palanisamy, ‘Antioxidant and antiglycemic potentials of a standardized extract of Syzygium malaccense’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 707–712, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.LWT.2014.06.041.
[8] L. K. Bairy, ‘Evaluation of the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and hepatic glycogen raising effects of Syzygium malaccense upon streptozotocin induced diabetic rats’, Article in Journal of Natural Remedies, 2005, Accessed: Jan. 24, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281262803
[9] J. Lako, V. C. Trenerry, M. Wahlqvist, N. Wattanapenpaiboon, S. Sotheeswaran, and R. Premier, ‘Phytochemical flavonols, carotenoids and the antioxidant properties of a wide selection of Fijian fruit, vegetables and other readily available foods’, Food Chem, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 1727–1741, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2006.01.031.
[10] E. Coppo and A. Marchese, ‘Antibacterial Activity of Polyphenols’, Curr Pharm Biotechnol, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 380–390, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.2174/138920101504140825121142.
[11] J. D. Djoukeng, E. Abou-Mansour, R. Tabacchi, A. L. Tapondjou, H. Bouda, and D. Lontsi, ‘Antibacterial triterpenes from Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae)’, J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 101, no. 1–3, pp. 283–286, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1016/J.JEP.2005.05.008.
[12] S. S. Salem, H. E. Elsayed, S. Shabana, M. T. Khazaal, and F. A. Moharram, ‘Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from two Syzygium species against selected oral pathogens’, BMC Complement Med Ther, vol. 23, no. 1, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1186/S12906-023-04277-1.
[13] W. Xu, J. Tan, Y. Mu, D. Zheng, X. Huang, and L. Li, ‘New antimicrobial terpenoids and phloroglucinol glucosides from Syzygium szemaoense’, Bioorg Chem, vol. 103, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.BIOORG.2020.104242.
[14] C. Quenon et al., ‘Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia’, Life, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 733, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/LIFE12050733/S1.
[15] Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Farmakope Herbal Indonesia, 2nd ed. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan, Kemenkes RI, 2017. Accessed: Dec. 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://farmalkes.kemkes.go.id/2020/08/farmakope-herbal-indonesia-edisi-ii-tahun-2017-3/
[16] M. R. Efendi, D. R. Gusti, A. D. Syahrial, and M. S. Rusdi, ‘Evaluation of Coffee Mistletoe Leaf Ethanol Extract on Burn Healing Activity on White Male Rat’, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1059–1067, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.36490/JOURNAL-JPS.COM.V6I3.72.
[17] M. R. Efendi, M. S. Rusdi, and A. Dinda, ‘Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal endophytes isolated from leaf gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb)’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 17–23, 2022, doi: 10.12928/mf.v19i1.20483.
[18] Â. G. Batista et al., ‘Red-jambo (Syzygium malaccense): Bioactive compounds in fruits and leaves’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 76, pp. 284–291, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.LWT.2016.05.013.
[19] M. Balouiri, M. Sadiki, and S. Koraichi Ibnsouda, ‘Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review $’, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005.
[20] J. Ritter, L. Lewis, T. Mant, and A. Ferro, ‘A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5Ed’, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1201/B13234.
[21] N. F. Shamsudin et al., ‘Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Study: A Comparative Interpretation’, Molecules 2022, Vol. 27, Page 1149, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1149, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES27041149.
[22] I. Górniak, R. Bartoszewski, and J. Króliczewski, ‘Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids’, Phytochemistry Reviews 2018 18:1, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 241–272, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1007/S11101-018-9591-Z.
[23] W. Yang, X. Chen, Y. Li, S. Guo, Z. Wang, and X. Yu, ‘Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids’, Nat Prod Commun, vol. 15, no. 3, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1177/1934578X20903555/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_1934578X20903555-FIG11.JPEG.
Published
2026-01-26
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