ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTARA ZONA IKLIM LOKAL DAN SUHU PERMUKAAN LAHAN DI KOTA MAKASSAR
Keywords:
Local Climate Zones (LCZ); Land Surface Temperature (LST); Urban Heat Island (UHI); Remote Sensing; Makassar City.
Abstract
The rapid expansion of built-up areas in Makassar City has led to an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Local Climate Zones (LCZ) and surface temperature distribution across three districts: Tallo, Panakkukang, and Manggala. The methods involved rule-based LCZ classification using Sentinel-2 imagery and high-resolution (10-meter) LST prediction through a Random Forest model based on Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data, processed in Google Earth Engine. The results indicate that built-up zones such as compact low-rise and sparsely built areas exhibit significantly higher surface temperatures compared to vegetated and water zones. These findings confirm that the spatial distribution of LCZs strongly influences urban thermal variation and highlight the importance of climate-responsive urban planning through increased green spaces and water body preservation to mitigate localized heating in Makassar City.
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References
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Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Makassar. (2011). Kecamatan Tallo dalam angka 2011 [PDF]. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Makassar. http://makassarkota.bps.go.id.
Bechtel, B., Alexander, P. J., Böhner, J., Ching, J., Conrad, O., Feddema, J., ... & Stewart, I. (2015). Mapping local climate zones for a worldwide database of the form and function of cities. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4010199.
Cetin, M., Ozenen Kavlak, M., Senyel Kurkcuoglu, M. A., Bilge Ozturk, G., Cabuk, S. N., & Cabuk, A. (2024). Determination of land surface temperature and urban heat island effects with remote sensing capabilities: the case of Kayseri, Türkiye. Natural Hazards, 120(6), 5509-5536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06431-5.
Cilek, M. U., & Cilek, A. (2021). Analyses of land surface temperature (LST) variability among local climate zones (LCZs) comparing Landsat-8 and ENVI-met model data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102877.
Darlina, S. P., Sasmito, B., & Yuwono, B. D. (2018). Analisis Fenomena Urban Heat Island Serta Mitigasinya (Studi Kasus: Kota Semarang). Jurnal Geodesi Undip, 7(3), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.14710/jgundip.2018.21223.
Huang, F., Jiang, S., Zhan, W., Bechtel, B., Liu, Z., Demuzere, M., ... & Chen, J. (2023). Mapping local climate zones for cities: A large review. Remote Sensing of Environment, 292, 113573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113573.
Ibrahim, I., Abu Samah, A., Fauzi, R., & Noor, N. M. (2016). The land surface temperature impact to land cover types. *International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 41*(B3), 871–876. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B3-871-2016.
Jannah, G. S., & Bioresita, F. (2023). Pemantauan Land Surface Temperature (LST) dan Kaitannya dengan Tutupan Lahan (Studi Kasus: Kota Surabaya Tahun 2014-2022). Jurnal Teknik ITS, 12(2), C119-C124. https://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/teknik/article/viewFile/122579/7531.
Kotharkar, R., & Bagade, A. (2018). Evaluating urban heat island in the critical local climate zones of an Indian city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 169, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.08.009.
Kurnianti, R. (2020). Ketersediaan ruang terbuka hijau dan urban heat island di Kota Makassar. Jurnal Litbang Sukowati: Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan, 3(2), 14-14. https://doi.org/10.32630/sukowati.v3i2.78.
Li, J. J., Wang, X. R., Wang, X. J., Ma, W. C., & Zhang, H. (2009). Remote sensing evaluation of urban heat island and its spatial pattern of the Shanghai metropolitan area, China. Ecological Complexity, 6(4), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.02.002.
Panakkukang, Makassar. (n.d.). Ensiklopedia STEKOM. Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2025, dari https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Panakkukang.
Rakuasa, H., Khromykh, V. V., & Latue, P. C. (2025). Spatial analysis of the relationship between vegetation index and land surface temperature in Ternate Island, Indonesia. Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan, 12(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol12issue1page48-57.
Ramsay, E. E., Duffy, G. A., Burge, K., Taruc, R. R., Fleming, G. M., Faber, P. A., & Chown, S. L. (2023). Spatio-temporal development of the urban heat island in a socioeconomically diverse tropical city. Environmental Pollution, 316, 120443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120443.
Maru, R., Baharuddin, I. I., Umar, R., Rasyid, R., Uca, U., Sanusi, W., & Bayudin, B. (2015). Analysis of the heat island phenomenon in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(9), 616-626. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2015.616.626.
Manggala, Makassar. (n.d.). Ensiklopedia STEKOM. Diakses pada 9 Juni 2025, dari https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Manggala,_Makassar.
Moazzam, M. F. U., Doh, Y. H., & Lee, B. G. (2022). Impact of urbanization on land surface temperature and surface urban heat Island using optical remote sensing data: A case study of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Building and Environment, 222, 109368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109368.
Sari, D. K., Kusratmoko, E., & Prasetyo, L. B. (2020). Analisis pengaruh tutupan lahan terhadap suhu permukaan di wilayah perkotaan menggunakan citra satelit Landsat 8. Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh dan Pengolahan Data Citra Digital, 17(2), 123-134.
Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879-1900. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2024). Landsat 9 Science Data Users Handbook. USGS Landsat Program. https://landsat.usgs.gov.
Weng, Q., Lu, D., & Schubring, J. (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote sensing of Environment, 89(4), 467-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005.
Wibisono, P., Miladan, N., & Utomo, R. P. (2023). Hubungan Perubahan Kerapatan Vegetasi dan Bangunan terhadap Suhu Permukaan Lahan: Studi Kasus di Aglomerasi Perkotaan Surakarta. Desa-Kota: Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah, Kota, dan Permukiman, 5(1), 148-162. https://doi.org/10.20961/desa-kota.v5i1.63639.148-162.
Zhao, Z., Sharifi, A., Dong, X., Shen, L., & He, B. J. (2021). Spatial variability and temporal heterogeneity of surface urban heat island patterns and the suitability of local climate zones for land surface temperature characterization. Remote Sensing, 13(21), 4338. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214338.
Zhou, X., Okaze, T., Ren, C., Cai, M., Ishida, Y., Watanabe, H., & Mochida, A. (2020). Evaluation of urban heat islands using local climate zones and the influence of sea-land breeze. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102060.
