IMPACT OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION ON WHITECAST FORMATION IN DAY CREAM FORMULATION

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is widely used in day cream formulations as a physical UV filter due to its broad-spectrum protection and stabilizing properties. However, its tendency to produce a visible whitecast on the skin presents a major aesthetic drawback, particularly for consumers with medium to dark skin tones. This study aimed to formulate three variants of day cream containing different concentrations of TiO₂ (6%, 3.3%, and 2%) and evaluate their visual characteristics, pH compatibility, and consumer-perceived whitecast intensity to determine the optimal balance between UV protection and cosmetic elegance. All formulations were prepared following a standardized emulsification protocol using identical excipient compositions, with TiO₂ concentration as the only variable. Organoleptic and pH evaluations were conducted, followed by a sensory assessment involving 20 respondents who evaluated whitecast visibility and overall preference using structured questionnaires. All formulations demonstrated desirable visual and organoleptic characteristics, including homogeneous white color, soft mango fragrance, and smooth texture with a pH within the ideal physiological range (4.5–5.5). Sensory evaluation revealed that higher TiO₂ concentrations led to more pronounced whitecast. Formulation F3 (2% TiO₂) was most preferred by 75% of respondents for its minimal whitecast and natural finish. The results indicate a direct correlation between TiO₂ concentration and whitecast intensity. While higher TiO₂ concentrations improve opacity and UV protection, they compromise cosmetic acceptability. Formulation with 2% TiO₂ offers an optimal balance for daily cosmetic use, supporting the development of aesthetically pleasing and functionally protective skincare products.